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HomeMy WebLinkAbout72-16 RESOLUTION113 West Mountain Street Fayetteville, AR 72701 (479) 575-8323 Resolution: 72-16 File Number: 2016-0129 ARKANSAS FORESTRY COMMISSION GRANT: A RESOLUTION TO AUTHORIZE ACCEPTANCE OF A 50/50 MATCHING GRANT FROM THE ARKANSAS FORESTRY COMMISSION IN THE AMOUNT OF $14,105.00 FOR THE PLANTING OF NATIVE SPECIES IN THE MEDIANS OF GARLAND AVENUE AND COLLEGE AVENUE, AND TO APPROVE A BUDGET ADJUSTMENT BE IT RESOLVED BY THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF FAYETTEVILLE, ARKANSAS: Section 1: That the City Council of the City of Fayetteville, Arkansas hereby authorizes acceptance of a 50/50 matching grant from the Arkansas Forestry Commission in the amount of $14,105.00 for the planting of native species in the medians of Garland Avenue and College Avenue. Section 2: That the City Council of the City of Fayetteville, Arkansas hereby approves a budget adjustment, a copy of which is attached to this Resolution. PASSED and APPROVED on 4/5/2016 K _�. MYETTEVILEE * �= Attest: Sondra E. Smith, City Clerk Treasurer Page I Printed on 416116 City of Fayetteville, Arkansas 113 West Mountain Street Fayetteville, AR 72701 -- (479) 575-8323 fI i Text File File Number: 2016-0129 Agenda Date: 4/5/2016 Version: 1 Status: Passed In Control: City Council Meeting File Type: Resolution Agenda Number: A. 5 ARKANSAS FORESTRY COMMISSION GRANT: A RESOLUTION TO AUTHORIZE ACCEPTANCE OF A 50150 MATCHING GRANT FROM THE ARKANSAS FORESTRY COMMISSION IN THE AMOUNT OF $14,105.00 FOR THE PLANTING OF NATIVE SPECIES IN THE MEDIANS OF GARLAND AVENUE AND COLLEGE AVENUE, AND TO APPROVE A BUDGET ADJUSTMENT BE IT RESOLVED BY THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF FAYETTEVILLE, ARKANSAS: Section 1: That the City Council of the City of Fayetteville, Arkansas hereby authorizes acceptance of a 50150 matching grant from the Arkansas Forestry Commission in the amount of $14,105.00 for the planting of native species in the medians of Garland Avenue and College Avenue. Section 2: That the City Council of the City of Fayetteville, Arkansas hereby approves a budget adjustment, a copy of which is attached to this Resolution. City of Fayetteville, Arkansas Page 1 Printed on 41612016 John J. Scott Submitted By City of Fayetteville Staff Review Form 2016-0129 Legistar File ID 4/5/2016 City Council Meeting Date - Agenda Item Only N/A for Non -Agenda Item 3/10/2016 Parks & Recreation / _ Parks & Recreation Department Submitted Date Division / Department Action Recommendation: Staff recommends approval of the matching grant for $14,105 from Arkansas Forestry Commission to plant native species plants in the Garland Avenue and College Avenue medians. Staff recommends approval of the budget adjustment. Budget Impact: 4470.9470.5315.00 Account Number 15012.1601 Project Number Sales Tax Fund OF Native Planted Medians Project Title Budgeted Item? No Current Budget $ Funds Obligated $ Current Balance Does item have a cost? Yes Item Cost $ 14,105.00 Budget Adjustment Attached? Yes Budget Adjustment $ 14,105.00 Remaining Budget V20140710 Previous Ordinance or Resolution # Original Contract Number: Comments: Approval Date: CITY OF 'ttvIIie ARKANSAS MEETING OF APRIL 05, 2016 TO: Mayor and City Council CITY COUNCIL AGENDA MEMO THRU: Don Marr, Chief of Staff Connie Edmonston, Parks and Recreation Director Alison Jumper, Park Planning Superintendent FROM: John J. Scott, Urban Forester DATE: March 10, 2016 SUBJECT: Grant Award from Arkansas Forestry Commission RECOMMENDATION: Staff recommends approval of the matching grant for $14,105 from Arkansas Forestry Commission to plant native species plants in the Garland Avenue and College Avenue medians. Staff recommends approval of the budget adjustment. BACKGROUND: The City of Fayetteville strives to create environmental programs that demonstrate innovation. This project would continue that tradition of innovation with environmental benefits but would also demonstrate economic benefits of native planted environments. The City of Fayetteville has been awarded funds through the Arkansas Forestry Commission Grant in the amount of $14,105 for the installation of a low impact native planting in existing street medians. The grand is a 50/50 reimbursable matching grant. Award funds and matching funds will be used to create a cost effective Monarch Butterfly habitat with native plantings in street medians on College Avenue and Garland Avenue. DISCUSSION: A recent cost analysis conducted by Urban Forestry staff found that long term maintenance of turf grass medians on Garland Avenue is more expensive to maintain than the same median planted with native plantings. The annual cost of maintenance for Garland Avenue to be mowed is $2,678.28 per year and the annual cost estimate to maintain a native planting on the Garland Avenue medians is $672.00. Native plantings become more cost effective for the City of Fayetteville after the first year of installation and maintenance than Bermuda grass planted medians. Over a 10 year period the City of Fayetteville would spend $18,298.20 less with a native planted median than through a regular mowing schedule of grass covered median. Native plantings will serve as habitat and food sources for birds and insects. The project would require removal of the current sod in six medians on Garland Avenue and replacement with Virginia Sweetspire - Itea virginica, Butterfly Milkweed — Asclepias tuberosa, Mailing Address: 113 W. Mountain Street www.fayetteville-ar.gov Fayetteville, AR 72701 and Asters — Aster alpinus. The planting design for Garland Avenue would include planting three gallon Virginia Sweetspire and seeding the Butterfly Milkweed and Asters. The establishment of native seed plantings can take two years to become full and fruitful. College Avenue has two smaller street medians between Dickson Street and Maple that have newly replanted street trees and a sparsely planted mix of perennials. The project would include removing the perennial plantings on College Avenue and planting a fully designed mixture of Virginia Sweetspire, Butterfly Milkweed, and Asters from three gallon and one gallon plants. The medians on College Avenue would fill in much sooner and serve as display garden for what the medians planted from seed will look like in the future. The project will serve as example of how native plants along our city streets and in medians can create cost effective strategies for new infrastructure and improve safety of maintenance staff by reducing maintenance hours. The medians will further demonstrate an economic solution to adding more native habitat for insects, birds and specifically contribute habitat to the stressed Monarch Butterfly population fulfilling one aspect of the Mayor's Monarch Pledge. The short term research will focus on the cost of maintenance, the cost of installation and public reception. The long term research will focus on maintenance cost, time of establishment of native plantings from seeds in street medians and include butterfly counts for the Monarch Butterfly. A successful project could provide a standard for choosing native plantings over sod for future street rights of ways and medians. Environmental Benefits: habitat for birds, insects and native plant restoration Economic Benefits: lower maintenance cost, less manpower, less use of resources Safety Benefits: less staff on busy highways, less use of machinery Social Benefits: traffic calming, aesthetics, civic pride by contributing to the environment The City of Fayetteville strives to create environmental programs that demonstrate innovation. This project would continue that tradition of innovation with environmental benefits but would also demonstrate economic benefits of native planted environments. BUDGET/STAFF IMPACT: Total project cost is estimated at $ 28,790 (see attached budget proposal). Staff was awarded $ 14,105 in grant funds. Matching funds for the grant $ 14,685 are available in project 15012 Forestry and Habitat Improvements. Attachments: Staff Review Form Budget Adjustment Fayetteville Award Letter Fayetteville Agreement between Arkansas Forestry Commission and City of Fayetteville Project Budget Proposal Planting Plan Initial Cost Analysis for Median Plantings on Garland Avenue ARKANSAS FORESTRY COMMISSION 2752 North Garland Avenue Fayetteville, Arkansas 72704 (479) 442-4963 fax: (479) 587-1442 Joe Fox State Forester March 2, 2016 John Scott City of Fayetteville 113 W. Mountain Fayetteville, AR 72701 Dear Mr. Scott: I am pleased to award a grant for $14,105 to the City of Fayetteville after a detailed review of the Urban & Community Forestry Assistance Grant applications. This grant is funded through U&CF#14-DG-11083105-004. The Arkansas Forestry Commission has assigned this project the number UCF1416-o ,. Please have the attached agreement signed and return to me. This project is an opportunity to be a model showing the benefits of using native plants with trees to enhance their health over the long term. Removing the competition of sod and reducing the use of equipment around the trees will provide an educational opportunity to display the proper procedure for growing trees in medians. Your vision will help to foster stewardship of our natural resources and enhance the character and economic viability of our communities. With eighty percent of citizens living in urban areas it is important that we keep our communities healthy through proper planning and management of our community forest. Thank you for your dedication in furthering the importance of Arkansas' natural resources. Sincerely yours, Patty Evw Patti Erwin Urban Forestry Coordinator GRANT AGREEMENT BETWEEN ARKANSAS FORESTRY COMMISSION AND City of Fayetteville 3/2/2016 - 8/1/2016 This Grant Agreement is hereby entered into by and between the Arkansas Forestry Commission, hereafter referred to as `AFC', and the City of Fayetteville, hereafter referred to as 'Grantee.' This grant is funded through U&CF#14-DG-11083105-004. All funds must be used for the purposes stated below. Any modification of purpose, final product, grant award, or matching contribution must be requested in writing and approved by the AFC. Grantee must raise the entire balance of funds necessary to complete the budget as proposed, from non-federal sources. Purpose: Native Planted Street Tree Medians Grant The $14,105 grant will be paid on a reimbursement basis upon submission of approved cost records AND a project final report. The amount paid will equal 50% of the approved project costs, not to exceed either the grant amount or the out-of-pocket expenses. The Grantee shall be responsible for a minimum match of $14,105, in eligible cash purchases or in -kind contributions. The Grantee shall be responsible for providing proof -of -payment records for all purchases and in -kind contributions. These include source documentation such as invoices, canceled checks, paid receipts, payroll or time and attendance records, contract documents, and valuation letters for third -party in -kind contributions. Cost records must be retained for three years following conclusion of the project. The Grantee shall submit a final project performance report, a financial summary with supporting documentation, and a copy of any product developed through the grant within 30 days of project completion, or by August 1, 2016, at the latest. The State Forester and the Comptroller General of the United States, or any of their authorized representatives, shall have the right of access to any pertinent books, documents, papers, or other records of the Grantee which are pertinent to the grant in order to make audits, examinations, excerpts, and transcripts. The Grantee agrees to include in all promotion, publicity, programs, advertising, and in any printed materials pertaining to all AFC Urban Forestry funded programs and/or projects, the following credit line: "This project is supported in part by the Arkansas Forestry Commission's Urban Forestry Program and the U. S. Forest Service." If a Grantee materially fails to comply with any term of this award, as stated above, the AFC may disallow all or part of the cost of the activity or action not in compliance, wholly or partly suspend or terminate the current award for the Grantee, withhold further awards for the program, demand repayment of the grant, or take other legally available remedies. The Grantee agrees not to discriminate against any employee, applicant for employment or any person participating in any aspect of this grant on the basis of race, creed, color, national origin, religion, sex, age or physical or mental disability. The Grantee may terminate this entire Agreement, without cause, prior to the expiration of the grant period, upon sixty (60) days written notice. Upon cancellation of this Agreement and release of the unexpended grant funds, the Grantee is fully released of all obligations under this Agreement. If any part of this Agreement shall be deemed to be or shall, in fact, be invalid, inoperative, or unenforceable as applied, such circumstance shall not have the effect of rendering any other provision of this Agreement invalid, inoperative, or unenforceable to any extent whatever. We accept this grant subject to the terms and provision-, -,tnted Anve Signature Date Patti Erwin, Urban Forestry Coordinator Arkansas Forestry Commission Lioneld Jordon, Mayor City of Fayetteville Detailed Project Budget Proposal Categories Non- Federal Match Personnel (include fringe benefits) Federal Grant Cash In -Kind Total Labor to plant and seed Garland Avenue $ 3,240.00 Labor for prep and scrape for seeds $ 2,160.00 Sod removal applications $ 1,330.00 In house College Avenue Installation Labor $ 9,520,00 Equipment Supplies Virginia Sweetspire on College (18) $ 288,00 Virginia Sweetspire on Garland (200) Blue Ribbon $ 6,720.00 Milkweed 1 gal. (360) $ 2,160.00 Aster 1 gal. (262) $ 1,572.00 Milkweed Seeds In house purchase $ 1,028.13 Aster Seeds In house purchase $ 116.87 Other Tax 9.75% on Plant materials under supplies $ 655,20 Totals $ - $ 5,165.00 $ 9,520.00 $ 14,105.20 Garland Avenue and College Avenue Native Median Planting Plan 2016 for the City of Fayetteville PLAN INDEX SHEET NO. DESCRIPTION 1 TREE LOCATIONS AND QUANTITIES 2.3 PLANTING DETAILS College Avenue 4-6 PLANTING DETAILS Garland Avenue ARK.HWY.DIST.NO.4 <N' CITY SF a e vile ARKANSAS www,f oyettevllle-or.gov Park Planning/ Urban Forestry Phone 479-444-3471 Fax 479-521-7714 9- Virginia Sweetsptre-lt_ea virginica Little Henry(3 gal Planted 3' O C.) fl 132- Aster- Aster alprnus (1 gal. 1' O.G ) q lm m y M 148- Milkweed- Asclepias tuberosa (1 gal 1` O G =pZ R m ng b Vi lie O r m Southern Median of College Avenue Page 3 02-01-2016 �(_. URBAN Fott(:Si124' AVE.y 9- Virginia Sweetspire- itea virginica (3 gal. Planted 3' O.C.) 130- Psters- Aster alpinus (1 gal 9' O.C.) 212- Milkweed- Asclepius tuberosa (1 gal. 1 0 C) FNorthern Median of Coltege Avenue Page 2 02-01-2016 L i,l Fc rsTlzl' rn mp fluff : RpA A¢ m" � frl 10 I I I 4O 0 40 Rix 13 C I N A e I I {Rv t;lTTl " O' - r . `i` TI IQftN4E55 I Hr9NE'tLUGVs- :) wrAlr6 OAK 31 �, o I I I Y �•�4--- I •++ 12" ww a�nrw 2 "W 12 w� o 1 z' 1 2w212 12 q xr Irrt I a r W�W Q Z Z U �� I m w Q Q O y a• u �W�a Q�o C7 ,w, ry w� 1w,V }HY rrw. !rW ww x�y Nn KW xw qw YlW '*�'° 1 I �W' q•'Y 4M w... I � I I l J 6 (73) Virginia Sweetspire- Itea viginica 'Little Henry' 3 gal (3' O C) — E 2,118 Sq Ft Milkweed- Asclepias tuberose (2Lb. 2 Oz of seed required, Spread seed at a rate of 1 oz per 60 sq ft ) _.—r'"83' 1,006 Sq Ft Aster (1 Co of seed required. Spread seed at a rate of 1 oz per 1250sq It) ® dp i I cn I d I r I e o a I l I I aw..I I .5 I I T'i1pRNLE55 +� TNCNLE5S E LOCUS I.TP AM RICAN ELLA (y I r OCus'• {dl.. I I ~ NCSYEY AYER[CAN ELAA t3) Z j [IW �xw nrn M wry wr w� 3 LLJ My x+r aiW LaJ Z C� Z a _ -..f:1.. 7 Z N z I rn m z GARLAND AVENUE d' 1 m m -1 sc [ i2 • £ T 12" W 12"' 12" W 12 W uqv 12" � ww 12" , w<>t z„ vn 12„ 12" W ,w 12 W xw 1 2 an r,iw rw � on w acv x,,. nhl ne I eo rw y Lw i I , y WMlI µn ���� r WARTS 9AK 3 1{{e I Garland Avenue 1st Section I I tgrc)rn oa.a n, mr, o ..•a,y Z I Page 4 I 2 s UR a; Fc�st�r I 02-01-2016 rrrwc .r+c+rtc - 40 0 40 \ $Cal@: '}` n q0r I ___________ AMEMCA1 THpRrdLES4 E;<Leis I y 40NEYLOCUST 2i 4 o I I1TE OAK(3f �\v arN arv+ — Nw Anv aw �W LLi W '¢ � > Z Z U GgRLAlID AlEtEOE n 2 v ' i w 2f s0'(73p,1 ¢ Q W z g m JWoa N Q U 1 Yt 12" W 12" w (55) Virginia Sweetspire- Itea viginica'Little Henry' 3 gal. (3' O C) 2,008 Sq Ft Milkweed- Asclepias tuberosa (2Lb of seed required, Spread seed at a rate of 1 oz per 60 sq ft ) 712 Sq Ft Aster (3/4 Oz of seed required. Spread seed at a rate of 1 oz per 1250sq ft 1 C) e,a `^ & Wr11Tt: QAtt (71 t� L ] �4.W i+w aw ).w. ) iw anv Z w wa: wo- .rw +v+v wn r++ w „ w _ = W m ______ ya - ... +ue xn I aa. an rw_ _ CZ� v �.. �.+ Y1 W a m p uSection Tat PTI1IIIT I 4 '., M ( l I I I I r ELE9 n ti-HBRIN pMERIC Nv ELM tON narfEY ocLW M law Hcr wn 3V kN +�w syy I ) — Ate, Ate, qvj - - , w a. J/ Cf------------- m I I l I � I •swA -,rs� I f aaa�rwLEss I tivraEr�ocusef�i I 40 0 4O Scale_ 1" =4U PI�_EL5i 3i e,. W a n Uj 'i'�. �'' y. ,� .;. {. r d -'v ;• GARL4N13 AVENUI n Z o w r J o n Z�P2 W z 4 Y p � A (72) Virginia Sweetspire- Itea viginica 'Little Henry' 3 gal (3' O C). 1,944 Sq Ft Milkweed- Asclepias tuberose (2Lb of seed required, Spread seed at a rate oft oz per 60 sq ft) — 1,092 Sq Ft Aster (1 Oz of seed required, Spread seed at a rate of 1 oz per 1250sq ft ) L 1ttv1ii,Ie Garland Avenue 3rd Section ,•l.A.s.s Pa e6 URBAN FORESTRY 02-01-2016 The Costs for Median Plantings on Garland Avenue A ten year cost comparison of a median planted with sod versus a median planted with native plants y °:mow '...L: Added Values of a Native planting Environmental: Provides habitat for birds and insects Economic: lower maintenance cost Safety: less staff hours on high speed roadway Social: traffic calming Garland Avenue Installation Costs Installation Cost of Sod: $5,846.78 Installation Cost of Native Plantings: $8,548.58 Garland Avenue Annual Maintenance Costs Maintenance Cost of Sod: $2,678.28 Maintenance Cost of Native Plantings: $ 672.00 After the first year of installation, the cost of Native Plantings becomes less than the cumulative cost of Sod. *Costs are based on estimation from plans submitted for HWY 112 project #040489. Maintenance costs are based on information provided by the Transportation Departments cost for maintaining the Garland Avenue medians and Parks Maintenance cost for a similar space in the city. All numbers are approximation based on real world conditions, however costs may vary depending on labor and material cost at time of purchase. Estimates were done for the recently installed 12,485 Sq. Ft. median on Garland Avenue. The trees in the median, shown below, were given 4 Sq. Ft. of space under each tree, which was not included in the estimate. These areas were left for mulch. t _-` Z 2 I Iayc l!L HWY 1!2 PRCT 004.M0 50 % of the native planting estimate is native Milkweed—Asciepias tuberosa. Native Milkweed is the primary habitat and food source for the Monarch Butterfly. 26 % of the native planting is Asters- Aster novae. Asters are an excellent source of food for bees and butterflies. 24 % of the native planting is for Virginia Sweetspire — Itea virginica. Virginia Sweetspire has showy fragrant blooms in the spring and provides nectar for birds and insects. A Cumulative 10 Year Cost Garland Avenue Median Installation Cost of Sod: $5,846.78 1st Year Includes Installation Cost First Year Maintenance Sod: $2,678.28 $37,000.00 Total for First Year with Sod: $8,618.78 $32,000.00 Installation Cost of Native Plantings: $8,548.58 $27,000.00 First Year Maintenance Native Plants: 672.00 Total for First Year with Native Plants: $9,220.58 $22,000.00 $17,000.00 $12,000.00 After 1 year, including s7,°°°° installation native plantings , Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 3 Year9 Year �C are more cost effective. Native Plants Sod Cost Per Square Foot for Ten Years Sod Native Planting Difference $2.76/Sq. Ft. -$1.25/Sq. Ft $1.51/Sq. Ft. A unique native planting can afford the City of Fayetteville opportunities for grants available for Monarch Butterfly Habitat. *Costs are based on estimation from plans submitted for HWY 112 project #040489. Maintenance costs are based on information provided by the Transportation Departments cost for maintaining the Garland Avenue medians and Parks Maintenance cost for a similar space in the city. All numbers are approximation based on real world conditions, however costs may vary depending on labor and material cost at time of purchase. Yearly Maintenance Cost for Cost Comparison: Sod v Native Planting of 12,174 Sq. Ft. mowing: Garland Avenue (12,174 Sq. Ft.) 1 year $2,772 Maintenance Based on $ 14/ hour pay, 21 mowing's in a year 1 person at 9 hours per mow. Gas is included at $2,00 gallon and the use of 3 gallon per visit. Information provided by Transportation. Yearly Maintenance Cost for 12,174 Sq. Ft. of $500.00 $1,000.00 $1,500.00 $2,000.00 $2,500.00 $3,000.00 native planting: $672.00 Native Planting Sod Based on $ 14/hour and a similar site maintenance provided by Parks Maintenance. Cost Comparison Sod v. Native Planting of 12 hours per visit and four visits a year for Garland Avenue (12,174 Sq. Ft.) Installation litter and weed clean up. * and 10 year Maintenance Overall savings after ten years with native plantings for 12,174 Sq. Ft. $5,000.00 $10,000.00 $15,000.00 $20,000.00 $25,000.00 $30,000.00 $35,000.00 $40,000.00 Native Planting Sod $33,566.78 Sod -$15,268.58 Plantings $18,298.20 Saving with Native Plantings 'Costs are based on estimation from plans submitted for HWY 112 project 4040489, Maintenance costs are based on information provided by the Transportation Departments cost for maintaining the Garland Avenue medians and Parks Maintenance cost for a similar space in the city. All numbers are approximation based on real world conditions, however costs may vary depending on labor and material cost at time of purchase. Environmental -habitat -food source -beautification Safety -less staff on busy highways -less chance of throwing debris (gravel) into traffic -less use of machinery Benefits Cost -less gas used -less manpower required -significantly lower cost Social -traffic calming -aesthetics -contributing to a healthy environment Federal Highway Administration has had a highway beatification project since 1973 Iowa is using native plantings to restore prairie habitat along new highways Other Midwestern states are using roadsides for prairie and native grass restoration Sacramento Valley has been using native plantings along roadways since the 90's The consensus results for all these projects is lower cost, lower maintenance, and habitat restoration. *Costs are based on estimation from plans submitted for HWY 112 project #040489. Maintenance costs are based on information provided by the Transportation Departments cost for maintaining the Garland Avenue medians and Parks Maintenance cost for a similar space in the city. All numbers are approximation based on real world conditions, however costs may vary depending on labor and material cost at time of purchase. City of Fayetteville, Arkansas - Budget Adjustment Form (Legistar) Budget Year Division: Parks & Recreation Adjustment Number 201 6 Dept.: Parks & Recreation Requestor: Alan Bearden BUDGET ADJUSTMENT DESCRIPTION / JUSTIFICATION: Urban Forestry Group - To receive/recognize matching grant funds of $14,105 from U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) through the Arkansas Forestry Commission (funded through U&CF # 14 -DG -11083105-004) for use to plant native trees & plants in the medians on Garland & College avenues. There is a 50% matching requirement by the City. This will be provided with in -kind labor and landscape materials from the current budgeted expenses. COUNCIL DATE: 4/5/201 6 LEGISTAR FILE ID#: 2016-0129 3/11/2016 10:54 f1M Budget Director Date TYPE: DESCRIPTION: GLDATE: RESOLUTION/ORDINANCE POSTED: / TOTAL 14,105 14:105 v.20160125 Increase / (Decrease) Proiect.Sub# Account Number Expense Revenue Project Sub AT Account Name 4470.9470.5315.00 14,105 - 15012 1601 EX Contract Services 4470.0947.4309.00 - 14,105 15012 1601 RE Federal Grants - Capital C:\Users\Ismith\AppData\Rooming\L5\Temp\9bf3d7eb-c2f2-4a] e-a3a2-960e32daeI d4 1 of 1