HomeMy WebLinkAbout103-92 RESOLUTION•
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RESOLUTION NO. 103-92
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A RESOLUTION AMENDING VEGETATION MANAGEMENT
POLICIES AND PROCEDURES AND ADOPTING A
VEGETATION MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR THE CITY OF
FAYETTEVILLE.
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BE IT RESOLVED BY THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF THE CITY OF
FAYETTEVILLE, ARKANSAS:
$action 1. That the Board of Directors hereby approves the
policies and procedures as amended and plan for vegetation
management for the City of Fayetteville. A copy of the policy and
procedures and plan authorized for execution hereby is attached
hereto marked Exhibit "A" and made a part hereof.
PASSED AND APPROVED this 7th day of July , 1992.
ATTEST:
By
APPROVED:
By:
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Mayor
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CITY OF FAYETTEVILLE, ARKANSAS
VEGETATION MANAGEMENT POLICY AND PROCEDURES
VM -1.0 PURPOSE_•
The purpose of this policy is to provide policy guidelines and procedures to City
operations involved in managing vegetation.
VM -1.1 DEFINITIONS:
The following words and phrases when used herein shall have the meanings
respectively ascnbed to them in this section.
Herbicides Chemicals registered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
for the control of weeds in public urban settings. They include a wide variety of
different chemical classes with different modes of action.
a.
Approved FIerbicidey Herbicides or formulations of herbicides to toxicity
categories III and IV of EPA moderate to low toxicities of Oral LD50 of
500 to 5000 or greater, excluding 2-4.D. Such definition shall apply to
demonstration projects, and the City's use of herbicides.
jptegrated Vegetation Management (IVM) As a rational approach to vegetation
management, IVM advocates a vanety of control methods — natural, cultural and
herbicides. IVM methodology stresses the use of naturally occurring controls and
cultural practices in combination with application of herbicide materials only
when infestation Ievels reach "Thresholds" by correlating inspection data (e.g.,
% of area in weeds) with visitor complaints and/or failure incidents. It is a
decision making process that determines how to manage plant communities on a
site specific basis over the long -tern, treating only problem areas.
Vegetation Beguiling Management
1. Vegetation which obstructs motorists, bicyclists or pedestrian view of
traffic, traffic signs and signals, street lights and name signs, or other
safety fixtures or markings placed in the public way.
2. Vegetation which is a hazard to the public or to persons or property on or
near the property where the vegetation is located.
3. Vegetation which is an obstruction of drainage facilities in the public way,
including but not limited to roadside ditches, street curbs and gutters,
catch basins and culverts.
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4. Vegetation where roots have entered a sewer, lateral sewer or house
connection and are stopping, restricting or retarding the flow of sewage
therein.
5. Poison Ivy and Poison Oak in locations frequently traveled and visited by
people.
VM -1.2 POLICY:
The primary goal of this policy is to ensure that vegetation control methods such
as biological and mechanical means are given full consideration and use in lieu
of herbicides to ensure herbicide use is minimized.
1. The City strictly limits the use of herbicides to situations:
(a) where vegetation control is necessary to protect health and safety;
and
(b) where other means of vegetation control are not available or where
other means of vegetation control are prohibitively expensive, as
determined by the City Board of Directors.
2. Any herbicide use will be part of a long term Integrative Vegetation
Management Plan.
VM -1.3 VEGETATION MANAGEMENT PROCEDURES:
A. Permitted herbicides. If herbicide use is deemed necessary under the provisions
of this policy, herbicides in Category III or IV shall be used for vegetation
control. Relative toxicity shall be based on the information relied upon by the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in registering the herbicide, including data
incorporated into the herbicide's label. Provided that the City shall not use any
herbicide suspended by the EPA under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and
Rodenticide Act.
B. Public Notification. In an effort to allow individuals, including chemically
sensitive individuals, to further reduce their exposure to low levels of chemical
residues resulting from chemical applications to public rights-of-way, the City
will post notices. This would serve to further demonstrate the City's commitment
to a cooperative relationship with its many neighbors, but would allow for the
judicious use of chemical tools where necessary.
Notification for use of herbicides, with the exception of those by private parties
on private property, shall be through news media, posting of notices at public
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places, and posting the spray areas as reasonable and appropriate. The City shall
post notice of herbicide use conspicuously in the area where the herbicide has
been applied, and leave notices up three (3) days after application. Notification
shall be made in a reasonable time period pnor to and subsequent to the actual
application of herbicides, and shall include the date of application, and the name
of the herbicide (including the herbicide's trade and common name). The
possibility of different colored signs or other approaches used to assure
appropriate level of notification when feasible will be considered.
The City should honor those requests by any citizens who wish to submit a
written statement informing the City not to spray rights-of-way adjoining their
property. By doing so those citizens shall take responsibility for such property
adjacent to their property.
C. Training. City personnel who apply herbicides shall be fully trained and licensed
by the Arkansas State Plant Board. Any firm contracted to apply herbicides and
their applicators must likewise be fully licensed by the State to apply herbicides
The City should consult experts who are experienced in IVM methodology to
obtain the necessary training in IVM principles and methods. Maintenance
personnel involved in weed control activities shall obtain annual refresher training
in IVM principles and methods.
Application procedures. All applications must be done in strict compliance with
the label directions. Applications will be made or. days with the wind of less than
8 mph to minimize dnft of material, and on days when rainfall is not likely to
occur to prevent runoff of herbicides. Application methods used must assure
precision of the application to the target area only and kept on target. No
intentional or indirect/unintentional application shall be made to drainage ways
immediately adjacent to lakes or running waterways.
E. Sensitive Areas. For purposes of this policy, sensitive areas are those lands which
support unique, fragile or valuable elements of the natural environment; contain
valuable cultural resources within the City of Fayetteville; or where there is the
potential for direct human exposure. These can include: unprotected aquifers,
wetlands, special plants, and special plant communities
1. Herbicides shall not be used in the following areas, unless the Vegetation
Management Advisory Committee deems the application of herbicides in
these areas to be necessary. The Advisory Committee's recommendations
will be presented to the City Manager for approval by the City Board of
Directors.
D.
(a) KA bodies of water, including natural stream courses.
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(b) Locations in the vicinity of playground equipment. sandboxes,
picnic tables and other similar facilities where people eat or play.
(c) Any area containing a plant or animal species designated as rare,
threatened, or endangered under the Arkansas Natural Heritage
Inventory or the federal Endangered Species Act.
(d) Any wetland or bog.
2. Athletic fields are considered to be sensitive areas. Therefore, alternative
methods of turf maintenance shall be given priority for these fields and
shall be employed as soon as workable non -chemical methods become
feasible. The Vegetation Management Advisory Committee shall make
recommendations concerning the feasibility of alternative methods to the
City Manager. Immediately following their recommendations, the City
Manager will submit the findings to the City Board of Directors for a final
decision.
F. Application Equipment. All equipment to be used in the application of herbicides
shall be equipment manufactured for that specific task. Because nozzle
calibration is critical for the safe and efficient application of herbicides, nozzles
on all equipment will be calibrated on a yearly basis at a minimum. Protective
clothing and other protective devices, as recommended by the manufacturer on
the label, will be provided to the applicator.
All equipment and herbicides used in the City wi:l be stored in compliance with
all applicable laws in a safe and secure location. All empty herbicide containers
and rinse water used to clean equipment shall be disposed of in accordance with
label directions.
G. Record Keeping. All records shall be kept on all herbicide applications and
notification of applications for a minimum of 10 years
1. For the purpose of vegetation control, the following information will be
recorded for each application.
(a) Date and time of use
(b) Specific location where applied
(c) Purpose of application (target species)
(d) Matenal, amount and concentration used
(e) Method and rate of application
(f) Temperature, wind speed and direction, weather conditions
(g) Applicator's name and applicator license number
(10 Apparatus license plate number or equipment number
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2. Any complaints or concerns lodged in regards to vegetation control will
be followed up an within 48 to 72 hours, and records of such complaints
along with the findings and follow-up actions will also be kept on file.
VM -1.4 ANNEAL ]REVIEW:
During February of each year, the City Manager shall submit to the City Board
of Directors for its review and approval, a City vegetation management plan. At
a minimum, the "plan" shall include the following:
(a) a description of areas where the City intends to manage vegetation and a
discussion of the necessity of managing vegetation at these locations;
(b) an analysis of the costs and benefits of alternative methods of vegetation
management;
(c) specific locations in the City where the City staff recommends herbicide
use and the specific herbicides recommended for use; and
(d) information on the toxicity of herbicides intended for use and on the
toxicity of alternative herbicides.
The Vegetation Management Advisory Committee shall review the plan prior to
submittal of the plan to the City Board of Directors. This review shall include
an evaluation of the safety in terms of public health and the environment for any
herbicide used. Findings from the review relative to which herbicides may be
permitted and any recommendations relative to vegetation control practices will
be submitted to the City Manager and the City Board of Directors for
consideration.
In preparing the Vegetation Management Plan, the City and the Vegetation
Management Advisory Committee should request the assistance and cooperation
of the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Cooperative Unit at the University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, the Arkansas
Natural Hentage Commission, and other state and local groups, and individuals
with expertise in ecosystem management or public health issues.
VM -1.5 DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS:
The City Manager and/or the City Board of Directors should fund demonstration
projects to assess various types of vegetation management schemes, emphasizing
alternatives to herbicide use. These projects shall be subject to the city's
Professional Selection Process. Proposed projects shall be reviewed to determine
that protocols for comparisons and controls are provided to give the City a basis
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for determining which vegetation management methods are best suited for the
NW Arkansas region. The focus of any research should be an effort to reduce
herbicide use.
VM -I.6 VOLUNTEERS:
The City shall cooperate with the Chamber of Commerce and other community
organizations to promote "area adoption" programs in which selected areas of the
city are maintained and enriched by volunteer groups.
VM -1.7 PRIVATE PROPERTYS}Wl1"ER RLSPONSIBILITIES•
According to City Code § 98.07, private property owners have certain
responsibilities regarding vegetation.
(a) No person shall permit any tree, shrub, hedge, flower or other form of
vegetation to grow within 25 feet of the intersection of the curb lines of two
intersecting streets to a height in excess of three feet above the lowest grade of
two intersecting streets; provided, however, that trees now growing in such places
may grow above said height if the limbs are trimmed to the minimum height of
eight feet. (Ord. 1447, passed 6-7 65)
1. penalty Any person who violates this section shall, upon
conviction thereof, be guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be fined
not more than 5500.
(b) The owner (or in the case of leased property, the lessee) of private property
abutting public street or alley nght-of-way shall keep that portion of said right-of--
way from the center line thereof to the private property tine free from grass,
weeds, debns and other growths, articles, and things. (Ord. 2076, passed 1-7-75)
1. Penalty Any person who violates this section shall, upon
conviction therof, be guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be fined
not to exceed 525 together with costs.
VM -1.8 VEGETATION MANAGEMENT ADVISORY COMMITTEE:
In order to assist in implementing this policy, particularly in relationship to
vegetation management, a Vegetation Management Advisory Committee is hereby
established.
1. Membership. The Vegetation Management Advisory Committee shall be
created by and adopted by a majority vote of the elected City Board of
Direc:ors. The Board may eliminate or modify the Vegetation
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Management Advisory Committee creation when the majonty of the City
Board of Directors shall deem it to be in the best interest of the City of
Fayetteville to do so. The committee shall be composed of seven (7)
persons appointed by the Fayetteville City Board of Directors.
(a) The Committee shall include 1 person with expertise in the use of
herbicides, 1 person with expertise in integrated vegetation
management methods, 1 person with expertise in public health or
toxicology, 1 person with expertise in wildlife ecology, and 3
persons from the community at large.
(b) If there are not any citizen(s) who meet the qualifications as
identified in section VM -1.7 1(a), then the City Board may waive
the requirement and appoint person(s) accordingly.
2. Appointment. Vegetation Management Advisory Committee members
shall be appointed by the City Board of Directors in accordance with the
following:
(a) Vegetation Management Advisory Committee members shall be
appointed by the City Board of Directors using the nominating
procedure for all City Board Committee appointments. They shall
be confirmed by a majority vote of the elected members of the
City Board of Directors.
(b) Vegetation Management Advisory Committee members first
appointed and confirmed shall serve for terms of two (2), and
three (3) years. Positions 1-4 shall serve for terms of three (3)
years each, and at -large positions 5-7 shall serve for terms of two
years each.
(c) Upon the expiration of their respective terms. their successors shall
be appoirted by the Mayor subject to the approval of city Board
of Directors for a term of three (3) years each.
(d) Individuals leaving office before their term of office has expired
would be replaced by an individual who will serve out the
unexpired portion of that term.
3. Removal. Any Vegetation Management Advisory Committee member
appointed by the City Board of Directors may be removed at any time by
a majority of the elected members of the City Board of Directors. The
City Manager may also remove from office any member upon approval
by the Board of Directors (Section 14-47-101 et seq )
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4. Officers. At the first meeting following the appointment of members, the
Vegetation Management Advisory Committee shall elect from among its
membership a chairperson, vice -chairperson, and secretary. The officers
shall serve one-year terms. No member shall serve more than two
consecutive one-year terms as chairperson without interruption of at least
a one year period.
(a) The chairperson is the principal officer and will preside at all
meetings and shall rule on all matters of procedure regarding the
order of business, motion, voting, etc.
(b) The vice -chairperson will serve in the same capacity as the
chairman m the event the chairperson is absent or in the event of
his or her inability or refusal to act.
(c) The secretary shall keep the official minutes of the Committee
meetings in one or more books.
5. Meetings. The Committee shall meet on a quarterly basis or as deemed
necessary as determined by the Chairperson for the purpose of reviewing
and making recommendations to the City Manager on the following:
(a) Any proposals/requirements to update the vegetation management
policy.
(b) The City's Vegetation Management Plan.
(c) Other assignments made by the Fayetteville City Board of
Directors, or City Manager
6. City Staff lama. The City Manager shall provide staff support to the
committee with assistance from pertinent departments.
7. Reports. The Vegetation Management Advisory Committee shall prepare
and render to the City Manager the minutes of each meeting, and any
recommendations made by the Committee.
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VEGETATION MANAGEMENT PLAN
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Introduction. The purpose of this report is to identify vegetation management methods for use
by the City of Fayetteville, and designated agents of the City. This report focuses primanly on
a method of vegetation management known as integrated vegetation management (IVM), and
includes the following: 1) a description of areas where the City intends to manage vegetation and
a discussion of the necessity of managing vegetation at these locations; 2) an analysis of the costs
and benefits of alternative methods of vegetation management; 3) specific locations in the City
where the City staff recommends herbicide use and the specific herbicides recommended for use;
and 4) information on the toxicity of herbicides intended for use and on the toxicity of alternative
herbicides.
The City of Fayetteville manages vegetation throughout the City, including but not Iimited to,
park land and street nghts-of-way. Specifically, the City manages 240 lane miles of right-of-
way, 199 acres of park land, 35 acres of athletic turf, 17,900 linear feet of fence line in Parks,
101,485 feet of ditch area on airport grounds, 17,825 linear feet of fence line on airport
grounds, 334 runway/taxiway lights and signs on airport grounds, as well as 260 acres on airport
grounds. While managing these areas, the City must not only be concerned with cost, but also
maintenance as well as the environment. For these reasons, the Vegetation Management
Advisory Committee recommends an integrated vegetation management plan.
The plan identifies various alternative methods ranging from mulching to concrete underlayment
of fence rows. Specifically, the plan identifies methods for managing athletic fields, fence rows,
fire hydrants, poison ivy, road sides, and other grassy areas at cost of approximately $105,000
(includes "one time" capital purchases of $31,500).
Description
Operational Costs
Capital Costs I
Turf Maintenance Roller
$ 1,600.00
$ 3,500.00
Reel Mower
$ 6,800.00
$15,000.00
Top Dresser
S 2,750.00
$ 6,000.00
Crack Cutter
$ 3,200.00
$ 7,000.00
Sprigging
Program
$ 12,500.00
Fertilizing Progam
$ 4,100.00
Water Sprigs
$ 2,200.00
Additional Labor
$ 11,400.00
Fence Row Demonstrations
$ 7,000.00
Public Notification
$ 5,000.00
IVM Training
$ 10,000.00
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Mulch & Mise. Supplies
$ 7.000.00
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Vegetation Management Concerns. The City is responsible for meeting certain safety concerns
as they relate to City facilities in the context of vegetation management. They include roadway
safety, fire safety, hazard trees, the safety aspects of chemical applications, employee safety, and
citizen safety. Generally, vegetation should be removed to the extent necessary to alleviate a
safety problem as soon as possible by the most appropnate means. In addition to safety
concerns, maintenance of public rights-of-way influences, or is influenced by, vegetation
management operations, particularly as related to drainage, mechanical damage to pavement by
vegetation, the effect of fixtures on vegetation management operations, erosion control, and
equipment needs. Furthermore, the City should be concerned with aesthetics. Weeds growing
up along fence rows, in sidewalk cracks, and in flower beds, becomes an "eye sore" if not
maintained.
The city is responsible for addressing legitimate citizen concerns with respect to vegetation
management issues, and is committed to a program that is environmentally sensitive. On March
5, 1991, the City of Fayetteville Board of Directors adopted Vegetation Management Policies
and Procedures to address citizen concerns. The primary goal of the policy follows:
"to ensure that vegetation control methods such as biological and mechanical means are
given full consideration and use in lieu of herbicides to ensure herbicide use is
mimmized.'
With this goal in mind, the adoption of an IVM approach will enable the City to effectively
manage vegetation. A monitoring and record-keeping program will be established to determine
exactly when and where weed control activities are required and how effective they are when
carried out. How does the IVM approach work?
AQQtt ach
Vegetation Management Process. As a rational approach to vegetation management, IVM
advocates a variety of control methods -- natural, cultural and herbicides. IVM methodology
stresses the use of naturally occurring controls and cultural practices in combination with
application of herbicide materials only when infestation levels reach established "Thresholds".
Such an approach is a tong -term, ecologically -based systems approach to controlling undesirable
vegetation. It is a decision making process that determines how to manage plant communities
on a site specific basis over the long-term, treating only problem areas.
To ensure the success of integrated vegetation management, the Vegetation Management
Advisory Committee recommends the City utilize the "build -down" approach to implementation.
According to Tim Rhay', utilizing the "build -down" approach develops and implements IVM
methodology gradually, within and parallel to existing operational frameworks and methods.
When successful methods are identified, techniques proving unworkable will be modified or
abandoned with minimal financial/operational impact at a small-scale, experimental stage. Old
methods will be replaced as workable IVM "alternative' techniques are put in place, but retained
where necessary until the alternatives can be developed. In other words, since many
management strategies are site specific, efficacy should be verified by small-scale testing under
`Tim Rhay, "Weed and Pest Management in City of Eugene Parks", May 4, 1989.
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the City's operational conditions pnor to use City-wide and/or abandonment of other effective
controls. The ultimate goal is to eliminate the use of herbicides
A successful program must include the involvement of maintenance staff in development and
implementation. Maintenance personnel should be given the task of monitoring sites to determine
when/if threshold levels are reached. If threshold levels have been reached, maintenance
personnel should determine which methods to be used to bring the infestation below the
thresholds. The City should consult experts who are experienced in IVM methodology to train
maintenance personnel in IVM principles and methods.
In addition, success depends on the proper design and construction of public facilities. Concrete
underlayment of fence lines, adequate hard surfacing of parking lots, proper soil preparation,
optimum design for imgation and other infrastructure elements facilitates cost-effective long
term maintenance.
Ideally, integrated vegetation management controls vegetation using multiple strategies; aids
decision making; reduces risk; produces reliable information; saves money; and, adapts to any
site or situation.
When weed control is necessary, the following integrated vegetation management (IVM)
guidelines should be followed:
1. No action is taken until/unless a problem is observed and verified.
2. The problem must exceed the acceptable level of damage (A.L D.)
3. Alternative methods of control will be evaluated
4. The effective method(s) with the least "non -target" impact will be utilized.
5. Time control action for maximum effectiveness and safety.
6. Follow-up and monitor results; keep accurate records.
7. Evaluate and modify the program as necessary.
1. Monitoring is the first step of Integrated Vegetation Management. 1t involves surveying the
problem situation in order to understand the extent of the problem. This step is basic inventory.
This, in turn. provides the information necessary to evaluate possible solutions and their
respective costs. No action is taken until/unless a problem is observed and verified.
2. &44D Thresholdg for a specific problem species on a specific site: The step involves
consideration of tolerance levels, using the information gathered from monitoring and any
subsequent observations for support. The action threshold is the point when weed populations
or environmental conditions indicate that some action must be taken. Important questions to ask
in any case are: what level of occupancy of the specific plant species is tolerable? In other
words, how much of the plant can you have present before a problem is posed? What this
indicates is a plant species may pose a problem on one site, but may not be a problem an
another site. Whether it is a problem would depend on the level of occupancy and the ability
of the surrounding environment to keep it in check.
3. Alternative ]Methods As soon as a problem is observed and verified and an action thresho:d
established, alternative (non -chemical) methods should be utilized in small scale pilot
demonstration projects in an effort to determine the workability of each alternative technique.
Altemative (non -chemical) control techniques may include competitive desirable vegetation.
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mulches, the manipulation of environmental factors such as imgation, soil fertility, manual and
mechanical cultivation, water blasting, and soap solutions.
4. Effective Methods With Lag "Non -Target" Impact This implies selecting the action that
most effectively addresses the cause of the weed occupancy. Where workable control options
are not effective or do not provide sufficient control, chemical methods could be employed. The
scope of any such application is limited to the observed, verified problem m question and the
appropnate acceptable level of damage (A L D ) for the area and weed involved. The result is
minimum usage of chemical agents and the employment of those with the least potential for non -
target impact in each specific case. The method that eliminates the need for continuing or
repeated treatments is usually the preferred option. Selection of tools or methods involves the
following possibilities when feasible:
(a) Emotion This involves identification of cultural practices that may contribute to
the problem.
(b) Enhancement of Environment Often an element or elements in the environment, if
encouraged, may aid in controlling a problem species.
(c) Mechanical, Cultural, DjQIQidca1 And Chemical The methods and options in these
categories are vaned and numerous. The important question to ask is whether a method
will improve the site conditions over the long-term and which are treadmills that only
temporarily knock back the problem.
5. liming of Methods Current research in vegetation management is now finding "windows
of vulnerability" for vegetation control. This involves understanding the life cycle of a plant to
determine its weakest link. For example, research has shown that manual curring of alder
during June or July when the tree is 6 to 10 years old reduces resprouting by 96 percent.
6. Monitoring and Record Keening This involves regular inspections of the areas where weed
problems might occur, and keeping records of what is observed. Keep records of what is seen,
decisions made, actions taken, and results.
7. E aluatien j Modify This involves monitoring the effects of the actions taken. If the
A.L.D. is not being maintained then changes in the actions may be appropriate At this step in
the process, updating the monitoring program is necessary to trace successes and failure in order
to evaluate any future methods of control that may be needed.
(S.tart)
Monitor
Tolerable9
The IVM Process
Set Action
Level
Treatment
Effective')
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IVM FOR TURFGRASS
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Many of the City's playing fields are in poor condition as a result of overuse. On Lake
Fayetteville softball fields, four games are played each night four nights per week, and during
the weekends on many occasions. Ideally, the City should develop additional playing fields to
effectively reduce the problems resulting from overuse. If the desired result is to effectively
keep the grass healthy and strong, the City should follow the process outlined in Figure 1 to
minimize weed problems in turf.
The cost of implementing a "Turf Maintenance Program" is approximately $41,000 plus an
additional 531,000 for capital purchases. The Vegetation Management Advisory Committee
recommends this program, but would suggest that it be monitored to determine if a
threshold of 30% infestation can be maintained. The Committee recommends that both
Wilson Park and Gulley Park be established as "herbicide free" parks, and that the City
also establish one (1) soccer field as a "herbicide free" field.
If herbicide application is required to maintain a healthy and strong turf less than 30% weed
infestation level, Trimec Encore (no 2,4-D), MSMA, Sencor, Ronstar, Accord. and other
herbicides should be considered. Keep in mind that the historical IVM model suggests that if
weed populations cannot be kept below specific thresholds, the City should select controls that
will have the least impact on the non -target environment These may or may not be herbicides -
- each situation is different and should be evaluated on its own merit. The historical IVM model
does not suggest that the City should attempt all other methods of control before resorting to
herbicide use. It also does not advocate calendar-dnven cover spray applications.
Referring to Table 1. the total annual cost to maintain healthy and strong turf as outlined in the
process previously described is $61,115.00 plus approximately $11,000 for equipment
maintenance costs. This integrated program is the standard treatment for turfgrass which
includes fertilizing. If necessary to maintain 30% infestation levels, weed control treatments
using herbicides may be required. Staff will monitor the standard program identified to
determine if 30% weed infestation levels are maintained. If the infestation levels are maintained
at 30%, herbicide treatment may not be necessary for future maintenance
Table 1. Turf Maintenance Program
$12,483.00
Spngging Program
Fertilizing Program
$ 4,040.00
Water Spngs
S 2,200.00
Additional Labor
$11,342.00
Equipment
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$31,000.00
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Figure I
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To minimize weed problem in turf
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• Sprig and sod to m -establish common -type or possibly Tifway bermudagrass.
• Purchase a slit seeder to overseed with cool -season turf grasses. Overseed in September with perennial
Rye gram and/or tall fescue cultivars.
• Fertilize regularly 3-4 times (5-7 lbs 14/1000 sq. ft. per year, and other nutrients) lime to proper pH of 6-
7.
• Water regularly; install sprinklers if possible.
*Core 5 to 6 times per season. Core before fertilizer. compost and sand applications
• Top dress with compost and/or sand.
*Proper mowing height and frequency (2 inch athletic fields or 3 inch parks so leas than 309E height is
removed per mowing) mow once per week or more; preferably wttb reel mower on athletic fields.
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Conduct regular inspections of turf areas for actively growing weeds, or areas of failing turf or disturbed
sal which could support weed growth.
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Establish an action level of weed infestation (above which herbicide treatment is necessary). by correlating
inspection data (e.g. % of area in weeds) with visitor complaints and/or turf failure incidents. The initial
Action level is set at 309E infestation.
Continue regular inspections
Are weeds present
in torp!
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Repair by spngging, soddmg.
or seeding areas lacking
bermudagrass.
Yes --pare weeds at or above
action level?
Yes
Remove weeds mechanically,
or weaken by mowing
a rN'o — -Is problem still
pmt)
Spot or broadcast -treat affected areas with an approved, 1
registered herbicide Ij
•
•
The following is a comprehensive detail of turf maintenance program cost:
Cast to Sprig Athletic Fields
Softball Fields: 4.6 acres (20% of 23 acres)
810 Man Hours X $5.25/hr plus tax: $ 4,556
Sprigs: 600
Equipment charges (Tractor w/roller) 40
Total Cost: $ 5,196
Soccer Fields: 5 acres (40% of 12 acres)
1,100 Man Hours X 5.25/hr plus tax: $ 6,597
Sprigs: 650
Equipment charges (Tractor w/roller) 40
Total Costs: $ 7,287
Sprigging Program Total Cost: $12.483
Cast to Fertilize Athletic Fields 4 times/year
Softball Fields
12-1/2 Tons Nitrogen @ S160/ton $ 2,000
Soccer Fields
12-3/4 Tons Nitrogen @ $160/ton: $ 2,040
7
Fertilizing Program Total Cost:
Note: other fertilizers and nutnents will be needed, also.
Cost to Water Sprigs
Softball Fields: Additional $ 1,200 for water
Soccer Fields: Additional $1,000 for water
Additional Cost to Water Sprigs: $ L200
Additional Labor for Turf Program
Two summer workers to mow the ball field turfs; fertilize and aerate 4 times per year; and to
water the sprigs.
Two summer workers: $5,040 Salary/worker $10,080
388 Social Security Tax 776
268 Workmans Comp. 536
Total Cost of Additional Labor: SI 1.392
•
8
Equipment Needs
7 foot Roller.
Reel Mower
Top Dresser
Landscape Slit Seeder.
•
$ 3,500
S12.000 - $15,000
$ 6,000
$ 6,500
Total Cost for Equipment: $31.000
IVM FOR FENCE ROWS, SIGN POSTS & FIRE HYDRANTS
The City maintains 17,900 linear feet of chainlmk fence in the Parks (refer to Table 2), 5,000
traffic signs, and 1,090 fire hydrants. There are various methods available to manage vegetation
along fence rows, and around traffic signs and fire hydrants. Mowing, alternative vegetation,
herbicide treatments, mulching, and concrete underlaying are methods currently available.
Alternate low growing species such as crown vetch, white clover, buffalograss and zoysia grass
planted along fence rows and around traffic signs and fire hydrants is one possible solution to
vegetation problems. Other possible solutions include underlaying fence rows, picnic tables and
benches with concrete. Of course, herbicide methods for controlling vegetation are available
In an era of decreasing federal and state funding, and increasing demands placed on local
government services, it has been difficult for local government here in Fayetteville to maintain
services at current levels. Realizing that money is a scarce resource and the fact that local
government must be environmentally conscious, the Vegetation Management Advisory
Committee recommends a long-term plan to reduce maintenance cost utilizing an IVM
approach (Referred to as "Integrated Vegetation" in this section). Each of the maintenance
areas and methods identified to control vegetation are described below.
Table 2. Park Fence Row
Description Linear Feet
Lake Ball fields 3.000
Asbell Ball fields 1,700
Wilson Ball fields 700
Walker Ball fields 4,300
Baberuth Ball fields 2,800
American Legion Ball fields 1,500
Wilson Tennis Courts 800
Walker Park 600
Walker Park exterior 1,500
Lake Fayetteville North 500
Boat Docks X44
Total 17 900
•
•
Maintenance of Fence Rows.
•
•
9
Maintenance of ball field fence in Babe Ruth Ballpark, Walker Park (15th Street), lake
Fayetteville Softball Complex, and Wilson Park, as well as other fence areas is required in order
to maintain acceptable aesthetic standards and to reduce damage to fence rows as a result of
vegetation. In 1991, the cost to edge and trim chainlink fence located in the Parks was
$13,427.73. If this method of maintaining fence rows continues, the cost to the City over a
period of five (5) years is estimated at $81,802 (includes inflation rate of 5% per year).
Methods of controlling vegetation along fence rows include concrete underlaying, edging and
tramming, alternative vegetation, and herbicides. Referring to Table 3, the cost to implement
each of the methods identified range from $4,288 to S82,305.
As previously mentioned, a successful IVM program should work to accomplish the goals of
public safety, environmental responsibility, acceptable aesthetic standards and cost-effective
operations concurrently.
Table 3. Maintenance of Fence Rows
Year
1993
Concrete
Underlay
$ 75,180
Edging &
Trimming
$ 14,804
Alternative
Vegetation
$ 31,902
Herbicide
Applications
$ 776
Integrated
Vegetation
$ 23,706
1994
$ 1,000
$ 15,544
$ 7,772
$ 815
$ 10,884
1995
$ 1.525
$ 16,321
$ 8,161
$ 856
S 11,428
1996
S 2,000
S 17,138
$ 8,569
$ 898
$ 12,000
1997
$ 2,600
$ 17,995
S 8,998
$ 943
$ 12,600
_ �e _..
r£.)1= -.'
s ,.f•
ii i
3,
t i
t.
3..- :".rt#
fi•
_ , .%,:?�l
,, �, cf
t .
.. ,,
=,
7 , 1
Concrete Underlay
One method to reduce and possibly eliminate edging and trimming along fence rows is to
construct a 4" deep by 1W' wide strip of concrete underneath fence rows located in Parks.
Under ideal conditions, it has bcen estimated that in-house personnel could construct 17,900
linear feet of such construction at $4 per foot (based on estimates made on a 500 linear foot
demonstration project -- Material cost: 9 -10 yds of concrete @ $400, Labor and equipment cost
for digging trench: 2 days @ $350, Labor and equipment cost for removing and replacing
fencing, and laying concrete: 2 days @ $1,250). Total cost for this project is estimated at
$82,305 over a period of five (5) years
In order to realize "real" savings under this plan, the City would have to reduce its workforce
at a level equivalent to the labor and equipment cost identified for edging and trimming
($81,802), which would assume this pian to be workable. Rather than reducing the workforce,
personnel currently utilized for edging and trimming could be transferred to the "Turf
Maintenance Program" which has bcen previously identified to cost an additional 311,392 for
the first year, or 562,949 for a period of five (5) years (includes inflation rate of 5% per year)
•
10
Edging & Trimming
•
In 1991, the Parks and Recreation Division spent $13,427.73 (labor cost @ $12,078.21 and
equipment cost ® $1,349.52) for edging and trimming 17,900 linear feet of fence row.
Assuming an inflation rate of 5% annually, total cost to edge and trim 17,900 linear feet of
fence row over a five (5) year period is estimated at S81,802.
If everything remains the same, the City will not realize any additional cost if edging and
trimming continued at present levels. However, if the City implements the "Turf Maintenance
Program" as previously discussed, labor cost would increase $62,949 over a period of five (5)
years.
Alternative Vegetation
In a report titled, "Vegetation Control Recommendations Along Fence Rows in Fayetteville City
Parks", prepared by Dr. Ronald Talbert and Mr. David Ruff, it was suggested that "alternative
vegetation would be appropriate around fences in less maintained areas using* a low
maintenance grass such as weeping lovegrass, little bluestem, buffalograss; or wildflowers
(including crownvetch.)" It is believed that this management approach would reduce
maintenance cost and improve aesthetics in areas of the park. The management approach is
outlined as follows:
"Initial establishment of the alternative vegetation will require the use of herbicides in
order to prevent damage to the fence and soil erosion. The herbicide used would be
Accord at the a rate of 1 quart per acre. The seed should be sown and raked into the
soil or sown using a small slit seeder such as those used in reseeding lawns (estimated
cost of $6,500). Fertilizer should be applied after plant germination the first year to
enhance plant growth and establishment. During the first and possibly the second
growing season, Poast (sethoxydim 1 quart per acre 0.38 lb. ai) may be used on
wildflowers to remove any unwanted grasses A yearly mowing after the growing season
is needed to reduce dead vegetation and help control woody plants."
The cost of establishing alternative vegetation along fence rows (using a four foot band on each
side of the fence) is estimated to be:
Initial vegetation removal (Accord - Surfactant)
Accord (1 qt./ac. * 0.02 ac. = 0 18 qt.) (0.02 qt. * $17.50/qt.) = $0.35
Surfactant (80/20) = SO.03
Poast (1.5 pt./ac. * 0.02 ac. = 0.02 pt. * $12.75/pt.) = $0.25
Seed (depends on species selected) $2.50
grasses (per species) =
Wildflowers (custom mix) _ $20.00
Fertilizer (15 lbs. 10-20-20/ac. * $8.00/50 lbs.) _ $2.40
Labor (16 hrs @ $15.00/hr.) = $240.00
Total Cost (for grasses per 1000 sq ft.) = $245.53
Total Cost (for wildflowers per 1000 sq ft.) = $263.03
Calculation: 1000 sq ft. = 250 foot of fence row (17,900/250=71.6)
71.6 x $245.53 = $17,580.00
71.6 x $263.03 = $18,833.00
•
. 1
•
•
11
Assuming the alternative vegetation method is a workable solution to vegetation problems along
fence rows -- reducing labor and equipment cost by 50%, the total cost for a period of five (5)
years is estimated at S64,402 (Labor 0 $7,402, Alternative Vegetation ® $18,000, Slit Seeder
0 $6,500 = $31,902 for first year).
Herbicide Use
Vegetation control accomplished using the following herbicide program:
Accord (glyphosate) 1 quart per acre (0.75 lb. ai.) +
Princep (stmazine) 1.2 lbs. per acre (1 Ib ai) (Caliper 90) +
Surflan (oryzalin) 2 quarts per acre (2 lbs. ai.) +
Surfactant (80/20) nonionic surfactant) 1.5 pt/ac. (From Farmers Coop)
Applications can be made in mid to late April or prior to the start of recreational activities.
Generally, two applications per year will maintain the fence rows vegetation free. However,
if the weather remains warm (as during both 1990 and 1991) a third application may be needed
to maintain the fence row.
Estimated costs for using herbicides on the 17,900 linear feet of chainlink fence row in the Parks
is as follows:
17,900 ft. x 1 ft. swath/43,560 = 0.41 acres to be treated
Accord (1 at./ac.) * 0.41 = 0.41 qt. • $17.50/qt.
Princep (1.2 lbs./ac.) • $3.50/lb
Surflan (2 qt./ac.) * 0.41 ac. = 0.82 qt. • $16.25/qt.
Surfactant (80/20)
Backpack Sprayer (cost of new sprayer)
Labor (8 hrs. 0 S15.00/hr.)
Total Cost
$7.18
$4.20
_
$13.33
$1.50
$100.00
_ $120.00
$246.21
Three applications per year (p) 5246.21/application = $738.63
Integrated Vegetation
Under this option the City would establish demonstration projects as follows: 1) concrete
underlay Wilson Ball fields (700 linear feet) at a cost of $2,940, 2) establish alternative
vegetation along the fence rows at Wilson tennis courts, Walker park, Walker park
exterior, Lake Fayetteville North, and the Boat Dock area at a cost of $3,900, 3) maintain
other fence rows utilizing "old" workable methods 0 e., edging and trimming), and 4) weed
control and plant growth regulators (50' test plot).
Assuming a 30% reduction in labor is realized to maintain fence rows, this option would cost
the City $70,618 over a penod of five (5) years -- a savings of $11,184 compared to current
methods (edging and trimming). Please note that if the labor force is not reduced, this program
may cost the City an additional estimated $7.000.
12
Maintenance of Traffic Signs and Fire Hydrants
There are numerous fire hydrants located throughout the City that are difficult to maintain due
to vegetation problems. Locations include: Just east of the old Economy Tire Building next
door to Miller's Garage at 1230 W. 6th, West Stone Street across from the west end of
Fayetteville High School, South of Razorback Road and the railroad tracks about 100 yards, 50
yards west of Old Farmington Road and Shiloh Drive, and Shiloh Drive between Porter Road
and north end of Williams Form Tractor.
Methods available to control vegetation around fire hydrants and traffic signs where vegetation
problems exist include mulching, alternative vegetation, herbicidal control, cutting with string
trimmer, and hand cutting or grubbing. The Vegetation Management Advisory Committee
recommends the City conduct one (1) demonstration project utilizing the mulching program
identified in the ornamental plot section of this document, and two (2) demonstration projects
substituting existing vegetation with alternative low growing/low maintenance vegetation (i.e.,
bermudagrass (Tifway), buffalograss, or crownvetch).
IVM FOR ROADSIDE
The Vegetation Management Advisory Committee recommends the City enforce Ordinance
1447 and 2076 as outlined in Section VM-1.7 of the Vegetation Management Policy and
Procedures. Methods to control vegetation on roadsides include mowing, alternative
vegetation, and herbicides. The City should conduct a demonstration project to establish
wildflowers and/or low growing/low maintenance alternative vegetation located at the
problem site located on the corner of South College and Highway 71B. This project should
incorporate methods as previously defined. Where hazards exist for citizens and
employees, the City should maintain utilizing the most appropriate method available.
IVM FOR OTHER GRASSY AREAS
Management of Shadowridge/Ridgeway Area and other areas where wildflowers are
introduced
Management of this area should be done by the Parks and Recreation Department in consultation
with the people living in the area because of so many different opinions as to what people want.
Also, the area is very diverse and will require different management techniques in the different
parts of the area.
T>tq. Trim or remove lower branches as the residents of the area wish to improve view.
QD5xat5QflQtllaL1QPQftl1flh1. Mow regularly, perhaps 4 or moretimes per year to
keep grass short. If people on top are happy with past treatments, stay with them, or modify
depending on the weather or according to wishes of the residents.
Grassy areas QQ lower pail Qf t≥g ham. One of the objectives here is to manage this area in such
a way that the wildflowers are favored. Based on experience in prairie management at Pea
Ridge, Dr. Edward Dale. Committee Chairman, learned that if mowing is done early in the
spring (just before "grcenup") the grasses are favored. Mowing around June 21 favors the
wildflowers.
13
The grassy areas on the lower part of the hill are different. The south part is dominated by
bluestems and the north part by fescue and Johnson grass. These areas will need to be managed
differently.
Ntulh ljg dominated 4x ft and Johnson grass.• This area should be mowed twice each year.
The first mowing should be in early summer (June 21 through June 30) at a height of twelve
inches (12'). This will inhibit the grasses. The second mowing should be late in September or
possibly in October. These times may have to be adjusted a week or so in either direction
depending on the weather and wishes of the area residents.
Hand sow prairie grasses such as little bluestem, big bluestem and switch grass (and wildflowers
if desired) over the Fescue and Johnson grass. In the first two (2) weeks of June, core the area
three (3) times, then seed it, followed immediately by a low mowing. Ideally, the prairie
species will out compete the Fescue and Johnson grass. Monitor the grass populations for
several years.
SQiith side dominated by ifiticbluestem. Mow after penstemon (Penstemon digitalis) and
butterfly bush (AK1eQias n berosa) bloom seed. This will be late in June or after summer dry
period begins in July, when its a wet spring. Mow again in late September or October.
Introduction Qf Additional Wildflowers. If it is desired that additional wildflowers be
introduced, species that are not too difficult to obtain, are native, common in this area, and have
a good chance of becoming established should be considered (see partial list below). Some
desirable species should bloom early, some in mid summer, and some in fall. All should be able
to withstand mowing done at the appropriate time. Species that tend to become overly
aggressive or weedy should not be used.
Following the conclusion of the demonstration projects with the University of Arkansas
Department of Agronomy, the area should be returned to its natural state. Each of the
demonstration plots should be overseeded with little bluestem, big bluestem, switch grass, and/or
desirable wildflowers.
Desired Wildflower Species
*Butterfly weed
*Heath aster
Assn pilosts
Dog -tooth violet
Erythronium albidum
Blue-eyed grass
Sisrvnchium spp.
Deptford pink
Dianthus armeria
*Columbine
Aguilegia canadensis
*Rue anemone
Thalictrum thalictroides
Yellow rocket
Barbarea vulgaris
Wild strawberry
Emath virginianum
Sensitive brier
Shrankia nutlallii
Sorrel
QAik violacea or 4, stricta
*Black-eyed Susan
Rudbeckia hire
Ox -eye daisy
Chrvsar.:hemum leucanthemum
Prairie onion
Allium lore Tatum
it]
\,
LI
1
f1 1 I,
• I , _ 1V.
._. . i
• , •, 1` M
_ I IY4 1 ,I
{ u \ n
r ,
.PIIII IuIIIL,
Other desirable wildflowers that are successful when oversowed into grass sod include Echinacea
pallida, Echinacea purpurea, Gaillardia puichella, Coreopsis lanceolata, Coreopsis grandiflora,
Achillea millefolium, Ratibida columnaris, and Monarda spp.
*Will do better
in
low
areas such as ditches,
edge of
ditches.
Most
others should do well on
uplands
subject
to
late
spring mowing. Note:
This
is
only
a
partial
list.
Management of Road and Sidewalk Cracks
Perennial grasses such as bluegrass, bermudagrass, fescue, johnsongrass, crabgrass, and
broadleaf weeds such as dandelion, spurge, knotweed, and plantain, as well as woody plants
such as tree seedlings, poison ivy, grape seedlings, and honeysuckle exist where cracks in
streets and sidewalks are present.
Perennial grasses and other weeds in cracks have roots anchored below the asphalt or concrete
which makes it practically impossible to pull by hand, and weed eating the vegetation is only
a temporary solution. For this reason, the Vegetation Management Advisory Committee
recommends the following procedure for controlling vegetation in cracks as a standard
procedure until a workable alternative method can be found to more effectively control
vegetation in cracks:
1) Grasses should be removed from the cracks during the wet season prior to growing
season using a machine to cut and clean cracks. A machine of this type has an estimated
cost of $7,000. City maintenance must clean cracks as thoroughly as possible to ensure
Perennial and other grasses are removed.
2) Following the cleaning process, the cracks should be impregnated with Accord
Princep + Surflan (glyphosate + simazine + oryzalin).
15
3) As soon as herbicides are applied to the cracks, the cracks should be sealed with a
tar sealant.
The City should conduct two demonstration projects which utilizes nQ herbicide treatments. The
first demonstration project should substitute a burning process for step 2 utilizing a propane
burner (purchase is not necessary unless the process is determined to be a workable solution).
This experiment should only be conducted in a low risk environment (e.g., where no traffic is
likely to interfere with the demonstration). The second demonstration project should eliminate
step 2 all together, and seal cracks with tar sealant only for step 3.
Management of Poison Ivy
Problem areas where poison ivy has been identified by staff include Wilson Park (hill adjacent
to tennis courts and creek bank), Finger Park (nature area), Gregory park (nature area),
Jefferson Park, Lake Fayetteville South, and Lake Fayetteville North (Dam site). The following
process is recommended for managing poison ivy. Refer to the article, "Poison Ivy", written
by Sheila Daar, Helga Olkowski, and William Olkowski as a good reference.
The Vegetation Management Advisory Committee recommends the City conduct a
demonstration project to control the poison Ivy located adjacent to the Wilson Park Tennis
Courts utilizing the process described in this section. Since this area is occupied by visitors
and staff on a regular basis, the action threshold should be established at zero (0) tolerance.
In other words, no poison ivy should exist at this sight. If herbicides are necessary to
maintain zero tolerance at this sight, the Committee recommends Roundup (Glyphosate)
be used (see Table 4 below for comparison figures).
The demonstration project should consist of grubbing out the poison ivy and replacing with a
low growing/low maintenance alternative vegetation.
Table 4. Comparison of Efficacy, Toxicity, Mobility & Persistence Of Common Herbicides
Used Against Poison Ivy
Herbicide
Efficacy
Toxicity
Mobility
Persistence
Aminothiazole
(Amitrol-T)
H
M
M
S= 7 wks
W = 201 days
Glyphosate
(Roundup)
H
L
L
S=> 8 wks
W= nd
.nurse : S hells
Daar. Will
Iam an a ea
ows
ntezra est anagement or oison
Ivy"
KEY: Efficacy:
H
= High; M
= Medium;
L = Low
Toxicity:
H
= LD50 of
1-99 mg/kg;
M = 100-1000; L = > 1,000
Mobility:
H
= High:
M
= Medium;
L = Low
Persistence:
S =
Soil; W =
Water; nd
= No
data
16
Flow Diagram summarizing recommended IVM Program for Poison Ivy
Is Poison Ivy Present?— —.No— iNo Problem
Yes I
I
Is Poison Ivy growing an structures or— — — — rNa
in areas utilized by visitors/staff?
Begin Monitoring
• ID subspecies, review biology & ecology
• Map location & density of growth
• Determine locations where injury to people or structures likely to occur
• ID maintenance/other activities at site
• Set injury levels (variables include proximity of ivy to people and structures, density
of growth, season, etc.).
• Set action point (e.g. in high -use areas action is needed early to limit spread of plant;
in remote areas, action can be delayed or avoided as injury is less likely to occur).
— — —Action Poih t Reached— — —?-No — — — — r -No Problem
I
I --------Yes
Begin Mechanical, Biological or Horticultural Controls
• Grub out seedlings
• Prune out vines
• Mow or cut/grub shrub forms
• Replant cleared arras
• Minimize soil disturbance
Additional Action Needed— —,-No — — — — ,.No Problem
Chemical Controls
• Aminothiazole
• Weed Oil
• Glyphosate (Roundup)
17
Ornamental Plots
The City maintains ornamental plots located throughout the City and should control undesired
vegetation in each plot in order to enhance the aesthetic beauty and increase the vigor of the
ornamental plants. Many of the ornamental plots are located in high volume traffic areas which
include North Street and Mt. Comfort Road, and along Highway 71 North. Safety of employees
as well as citizens should be considered primary when maintaining these areas.
There are several methods available for maintaining these plots including, mulching, tilling, hand
weeding, and herbicides. In order to reduce future maintenance of these plots, a mulching
program should be implemented by the City. This would include mulching existing and planned
ornamental plots with 4" deep wood chips. If high populations of perennial weeds exist in plot
areas, great care should be taken to thoroughly remove or kill these weeds prior to application
of the mulch.
According to experiments conducted by Drs. William Olkowski and William Klitz in the City
of Berkeley, California, mulching ornamental plots can result in less than 8% weed growth in
the first year, compared with 11.5% using 2" Coda -chips, 12.4% using 2" redwood, and 30.2%
for untreated plots. However, in plots containing high populations of mature perennial weeds
(bermudagrass and yellow nutsedge etc.), a mulching program will not be successful unless care
is taken to thoroughly remove or kill perennial roots and crowns prior to application of the
mulch.
The mulching program described below includes recommendations made by Drs. William
Olkowski and William Klitz following their experiments in Berkeley, California. The
Vegetation Management Advisory Committee recommends that the City conduct
demonstration projects utilizing the process below. These projects should be closely
monitored to determine if infestation levels of 20% or less can be maintained. If infestation
levels can be maintained at 20% then all ornamental plots maintained by the City should be
managed in this manner. The herbicides identified are recommended as specific treatments by
Dr. Talbert, et.al. as identified in the Vegetation Management Project Grant Annual Report -
1991.
1. Begin the mulching program at the onset of the Spring/Summer weed season
(usually early March) or the Fall Winter weed season (usually at the onset of fall
rains in October or November). At these times, mechanical or physical weed
removal is made easier by the moist soil conditions. In addition, most weeds are
in the seedling stage and easiest to remove or kill with least toxic methods. In
areas containing high populations of mature perennial weed species such as
bermudagrass and yellow nutsedge. great care should be taken to thoroughly
remove or kill perennial roots and crowns prior to application of the mulch.
2. Organize
the weeding process
so the
4" of
hard, wood mulch such as
Ceda-
chips= is
applied
within
a few
days of
weed
removal. The effectiveness
of the
I Ceda-chips are a by-product of a pencil -manufacturing process which utilizes wood from
Incense Cedar trees.
mulch in suppressing weeds will be diminished if several weeks or months go by
between removal and application of mulch.
3. Monitor mulched areas so that any regenerating perennial weeds that survived the
initial weeding and come up through the mulch are pulled out or spot -treated
before they reach a large size. Pennant (56 or 8E) (metolachlor), OHII or Rout
(oxyfluorfen + pendimethalin or oxidiazon + oryzalin), Fusilade 2000 (fluazifop-
P), and Roundup (glyphosate) are herbicides recommended for use in ornamental
plots. Pennant will control the yellow nutsedge and some annual grasses, OHH
and Rout will control annual broadleaf weeds and grasses, Fusilade 2000 will
control bermudagrass, and Roundup will control the elm seedlings and
horsenettle. If application of herbicides is necessary to maintain an aesthetic level
of weed infestation of 20%, spot treatment on problem species only is the
preferred method. The mulch will retain soil mositure and make physical
removal of most annual weeds easior to accomplish. Mulched areas should be
monitored so that mulch displaced by citizens or animals can be restored to
proper depth and location.
Maintenance personnel trained in IVM principles and methods should contact experts in IVM
methods to identify plants that should be considered for planting in ornamental plots. Priority
should be given to plants that can withstand and crowd out weeds.
In a recent study by Drs. Talbert, King, Klingaman, and Mr. David Ruff, handweeding the
ornamental plot located on North Street and Mt. Comfort Road required 67 hours in 1990 and
105 hours in 1991 (refer to Table 5). Assuming labor cost of $5.00 per hour, handweeding this
plot cost $468 in 1990 and $746 in 1991. According to Dr. Talbert, et.al., horsenettle,
johnsongrass, and bermudagrass were impossible to remove because of the species 'extensive
root and rhizome systems." In order to remove these species herbicides had to be used.
Table 5. Time required to handweed
„t
Time(hr) Date
1991
Time(hr)
May 10
13
March 26
9
June 11
18
May 7
15
July 19
21
May 24
15
September 19
15
June 10
14
July 17
18
July 19
34
TOTAL
67
TOTAL
105
source: I alDen, xonaide .
., -'city
ot
iayettevillevegetation
Management
rrojectran
Annual Report - 1991", (page 22)
If the ornamental plots are monitored on a regular basis, species such as johnsongrass,
horsenettle, bermudagrass and other perennial weeds could be removed by hand or spot
treatments without relying on annual applications of herbicides. It is for this reason, the
Vegetation Management Advisory Committee recommends the City conduct at least two (2)
19
demonstration projects in order to allow maintenance personnel the time necessary to fine tune
monitoring and reporting procedures.
Airport Grounds
The Vegetation Management Advisory Committee recommends the City manage problem
vegetation located on airport grounds by the best means available in order to maintain an
acceptable level of damage of 0% tolerance on the airfield side which should include
approved herbicides.
The Vegetation Management Advisory Committee would suggest the City manage the ornamental
plot as outlined in the procedures identified in the Ornamental Plot section of this document.
PUBLIC INFORMATION
The following reference materials are available for review:
Herbicide Handbook
1991 Crop Protection Chemical Reference
Material Safety Data Sheets and labels for chemicals listed in Table 6
The City has available two (2) electronic bulletin boards:
RACHEL: Remote Access Chemical Hazards Electronic Library
Environmental Research Foundation
P.O. Box 73700
Washington, D.G. 20056
Voice: (202) 328-1119
Data Base: (202) 328-1065
EPA Pesticide Monitoring Network. 1-703-305-5919
MEDLINE and TOXNET are data bases provided by the National Library of Medicine which
contains a number of different data bases on hazardous waste and on toxicology. Some are
fairly expensive to retreive (1-800-638-6609)
For additional information regarding the Vegetation Management Plan, contact:
Jerry W. Cooper. Staff Administrator
City of Fayetteville
113 West Mountain Street
Fayetteville, AR 72701
Voice: 575-8330
TDD: 575-8318
Requests and/or complaints may be addressed by contacting Jerry Cooper at the number(s) listed
above.
20
PROPER HANDLING OF PESTICIDE WASTE
Prepared by: Joe Massey, Department of Agronomy
Zmpmthn Qf ggpz Waste Handling: Significant groundwater contamination has occurred at
several pesticide mixing/loading facilities located across the United States. This contamination
was due to the inadequate containment of spilled pesticide concentrates. The improper disposal
of leftover pesticide solutions and rinse water generated while cleaning equipment has also lead
to groundwater contamination.
The shallow soils and fractured limestone/chert bedrock common to northwest Arkansas cause
the underlying groundwater to be especially vulnerable to contamination from improper waste
handling. Besides the environmental contamination, improper waste disposal may result in
adverse health effects and legal ramifications. Thus, there are many good reasons to properly
dispose of pesticide wastes.
I. Containment of Pesticide Spills
A. Minor Spills
1. Do Not Hose Down The Spill Areal
2. Confine and absorb the spilled chemical with soil, saw dust, or clay (kitty
litter).
3. Place the contaminated material into a leak -proof container.
4. To dispose of small amounts of contaminated material, lightly sprinkle in an
area normally treated with the pesticide that was spilled. To dispose of larger
amounts, contact local and state authorities.
B. Major Spills
1. Confine the spill if possible.
2. Keep people away from spill site.
3. Contact the local fire department, state pesticide authorities and Chemtrec for
assistance.
(cut along dotted line)
-
-------------------------------------------------------- - - -
Chemical Emergency Numbers
Chemtrec Hotline (24 hour) 1-800-424-9300
AR Dept. Pollution Control & Ecology 501-562-7444
Office of Emergency Service 501-329-5601
State Plant Board 501-225-1598
National Response Center 1-800-424-8802
.
21
Q. Leftover Pesticide Solutions and Rinsates
A. Leftover pesticide solutions
1. Minimize by accurately estimating amount of pesticide required and by proper
calibration of equipment.
2. Add water to spray tank and reapply to treated area according to pesticide
label.
3. Do not pour on ground.
B. Contaminated Rinse Water
1. Minimize by using least amount of water to properly clean tank, booms, etc.
2. Reapply to treated area according to pesticide label OR save and use to dilute
future pesticide solutions.
3. Do not pour on ground.
I1I. Empty Pesticide Containers
Must be triple rinsed and disposed of according to pesticide label. Rinsing is most
effective if done immediately after container is emptied. Typically, about 6 oz. of liquid
remains in 5 -gallon containers after use. At $30/gallon, this remaining pesticide
concentrate is worth $1.50. If the concentrate remains in the container, it could
ultimately contaminate the environment.
A. Container Rinsing
1. Let empty container drain into tank for 30 seconds.
2. Fill container one -fifth to one-fourth full with water.
3. Cap and shake so that the water contacts all interior surfaces.
4. Empty rinse water into tank.
5. Repeat steps 2, 3, and 4 twice more.
6. Puncture container so that it can't be reused.
7. Dispose of in an appropriate garbage receptacle.
22
Table 6. Weed Control Chemicals
Trade Name
Casamr Na.
Oral LDSO mg/kg
Use
AAtrrc
audan
5140 ..:
Prcemergence in turf Annual bluegrass, apueweed. wirier antis,
chickweed
Anneal
imaapkyr
Porramergence brush comol. Cord of woody uses and tubs.
&tae
benfe
____
SD • .,:..,.
Pn.merpms m turf rrmmai ameuls ad aeectd broadW(weeda
leaven
26'39 .:
Poetemaryeme in turf. Better control of b.ehiti chickweed, clown,
•' '.. „ • • ;;
docks, woods, and prom..
Saaagno
F7�
1144 ,..'' 3
Po.anrngcma in turf, yellow tanandp, spewed, aadtaa.
DSMA a MSMA
orMA
Swat 13113
Postemergaoee in turf. Cnbgrsn, daliegnae, aandbur, jobmrgras,
• •
anaedp euppnsdom.
Fuailads 2OW
uaaf ip-P
4496
Powamaryaoee in turf an ual goers. Bawer to eoarnl bumedagram.
Garbo 3A. Tuefloa
trkbpyr
2146 ' ..:t
Poemergence bruab comrob vaniau broadleaf wends and many
. • :-!
woody Plane.
Clod
OX7hmden
X130110 .. •
Pt, and poremergeme in anrararals small warded broadleaf waedr.
Trim a Encore
m coprop + dicamba
630 .... °
Porameepma in turf. Broad spasWm of broadleaf weeds
MCPA
: • ,': »�
Our
adkniesu
'JSW • • ;":::•
Poatemerpme fa r.datdu. Johnsongram. fiat., most annual
. • ?'
grasms and broadleaf weds.
Penuun 30 & SE
melolachior
2334, 3i3O
Presnergence in onumeeula annual grseaa. some broedaa'( wads.
•
suppmsion of yellow mnNdge.
Pa's
aathoxydim
2676
Poremergence in ornamewls. Better on annual grans and
;whnaongna.
Primnp
.lame
.>.SC
Pr.metgence in turf annual bhegran. spueweed. may odder wirer
stimuli.
Ronwr
oxdiazon
?•3000'
Proemerpme in turf and ornarmnale summer annuals and selected
broadleaf weeds, gooeegnm.
Roundup, Rodeo,
glypboum
34OORamdep
Podenergence general weed and brush corned. Annual biuegns.
Accord
)S0WRtldeo
wild onion & prtic. wuraer annuls .
Rout
oxyfuorfen + oryul.r.
>S000Ottyfhradba
Pnemergence in onamenals anal gasses and small needed
>$M oryn6G
brmdiaf weeds.
Scone DMC Weed
metsulhron
>3000
Poremergeme in turf wild garlic. selected broadleaf weds.
Control
Sent OHE
oxytnaha +
?3000 oxyflnmrlkn
Preemargence in ornamentals annual gnaaea and small needed
padkasahalm
brodledweds.
Scone Weedgnm
paadimsha0o
2619(1sM' I
Preermllence in turf mmmsr amuls and Sic lid broadleaf weeds.
Cooro1, lawn Pn-M
Su[Ikn
orypalin
?340 • • •
Precancellation in ornamentals and and almoner annuals andAnIk"ctedbroadleaf
weds.
Serra
metriburin
4000 (a 50% WP1
Postemergence in turf goomgraa, chickweed, bubo. spu
Source: Talbert. Ronald, Additional Information Concerning the Denonanlion and Research Program'. Fayetteville Vegetation Monapmwl Commitee. l.dv 24,
1991. Submind to City of Fayeaevr:le Board of Directors .n a neT.o ated August 5. 1991 as ar, addendum to the August. 199: Baird Agenda Packs.
Now: The herbicide 2,4-D was elrm.atd from the orig:ral 'Poterda: Weed Control Chemica.i list in accordance with the motion approved by the
Vegetation Menagemen Advisory C�mniuee during a rcgu:ar meeting held Thursday. August 1. 1991.